IQ loss linked to schizophrenia genes, study finds

Feb. 21, 2013 ? People at greater genetic risk of schizophrenia could see a fall in IQ as they age, study shows.

Scientists at the University say IQ decline in those at risk could happen even if they do not develop schizophrenia.

The findings could lead to new research into how different genes for schizophrenia affect brain function over time. Schizophrenia -- a severe mental disorder characterised by delusions and by hallucinations -- is in part caused by genetic factors.

The researchers used the latest genetic analysis techniques to reach their conclusion on how thinking skills change with age.

"Retaining our thinking skills as we grow older is important for living well and independently. If nature has loaded a person's genes towards schizophrenia, then there is a slight but detectable worsening in cognitive functions between childhood and old age," said Professor Ian Deary, Director of the University of Edinburgh's Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology.

Historical data

They compared the IQ scores of more than 1,000 people from Edinburgh.

The people were tested for general cognitive functions in 1947, aged 11, and again when they were around 70 years old.

The researchers were able to examine people's genes and calculate each subject's genetic likelihood of developing schizophrenia, even though none of the group had ever developed the illness.

They then compared the IQ scores of people with a high and low risk of developing schizophrenia.

Scientists found that there was no difference at age 11, but people with a greater genetic risk of schizophrenia had slightly lower IQs at age 70.

Those people who had more genes linked to schizophrenia also had a greater estimated fall in IQ over their lifetime than those at lower risk.

Cognitive impact

"With further research into how these genes affect the brain, it could become possible to understand how genes linked to schizophrenia affect people's cognitive functions as they age," said Professor Andrew McIntosh, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences.

Schizophrenia affects around 1 per cent of the population, often in the teenage or early adult years, and is associated with problems in mental ability and memory.

The study, which was funded by the BBSRC, Age UK, and the Chief Scientist Office, is published in the journal Biological Psychiatry.

The University's Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology is funded by the Cross Council Lifelong Health and Wellbeing initiative.

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Story Source:

The above story is reprinted from materials provided by University of Edinburgh.

Note: Materials may be edited for content and length. For further information, please contact the source cited above.

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Journal Reference:

1. Andrew M. McIntosh, Alan Gow, Michelle Luciano, Gail Davies, David C. Liewald, Sarah E. Harris, Janie Corley, Jeremy Hall, John M. Starr, David J. Porteous, Albert Tenesa, Peter M. Visscher, Ian J. Deary. Polygenic Risk for Schizophrenia Is Associated with Cognitive Change Between Childhood and Old Age. Biological Psychiatry, 2013; DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.01.011

Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead.

Disclaimer: This article is not intended to provide medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Views expressed here do not necessarily reflect those of ScienceDaily or its staff.

Source: http://feeds.sciencedaily.com/~r/sciencedaily/mind_brain/mental_health/~3/S_3L3DT8_OU/130221104328.htm

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What Are Chinese Hackers Looking for in Cyber Attacks?

This transcript is automatically generated

To the Chinese and a stunning breadth of attacks you could darn near time do one every minute.

-- -- and -- corporation on many of the folks behind.

This unsettling bit of defense pressing news that has the white house on guard and curious media now on the attack.

-- first thought that China is denying being behind any of us how sure -- you that their line.

When there were very confident you know it's nice when you've got a lot of evidence you don't need to we're about a lot of hand waving in the propaganda that's being spewed.

I would -- right back to report the report re released yesterday.

Is extremely detailed -- we've been signs exclusive research we lay out.

A 141 different organizations that this group which we call a PT one or advanced persistent threat one is attacked.

-- weaving gets 3000 digital indicator signatures that we encourage other researchers to take and look at themselves so.

Despite China's you know yelling and it -- to the contrary your creditors didn't happen we just went right back -- the facts every time.

All right now we showed cases of attacks in general that have been in the news not all -- inspired or China led.

But enough up from decided that it leads me to this question how to -- Do you get in defense contractors computers because I would imagine.

They have a couple of more fire walls are a couple of better firewalls what happen.

He -- they -- make it look easy don't they the fact is it's actually not about fire -- have the best fire -- in the world.

But when it comes down to the weakest link in any organization -- a human being and that's that we see time and time again.

This group which we tied back to Chinese PL a unit 61398.

These guys are really masters not just a computer hacking but it social engineering the art of engineering human beings so you'll see them crap he's really.

Really elaborate very well thought out spear Phishing emails that look like they come from a pier and another organization or from your buddy that you know from the -- And the -- that he nobody you know opening attachments so you on the inside the organization are -- work for them.

All right so obviously warnings must go out to defense contractor workers that if you're getting in the email that appears to be coming from a colleague or -- source or friend or what have you.

You don't open -- at the very least -- that kinda freezes them and you know of the itself compromises.

Our defense and -- -- -- yet you can't be too careful with these kinds of things and what we we say again and again is no organization is immune to these kinds of tax because a bottom line is.

We all have human beings a worker organizations that are susceptible to -- -- this types of emails.

But I think the bigger key here is -- the open that email or not were up against a very determined very well financed well resource adversary.

So if you don't -- -- nearly gonna find another way and so they did they have great odds of -- of Maria just have already dead -- they jump in they get it let's say of Getty museum on working at.

General dynamics what have you and I I just respond do -- and now I'd given them access to.

My company right but what are getting what are they going through what are they combing.

So they're looking for specific intellectual property would -- they're tasked by the PLA so they're not just browsing around looking at pictures of the -- you had last fourth of July.

They're in there to find specific blueprints chemical formulas.

-- emails from executives talked about -- big acquisition you're about to do in Shanghai.

Becoming a specific tasking and -- given that toehold in the quickly pivot puts -- that's actually emailed back and forth.

Anyway with the defense establishments and isn't the better part of -- right in this crazy world.

That the -- other venues for which these high tech companies exchange information.

Sure it doesn't have to be in the Melvin Iraq -- open that email they can quickly pivot into your life if you file systems together in your computer but what's worse -- -- the entire organizations flat network and they can use to go anywhere they want to once again.

Scary stuff what do you think of their response that -- dog owning up have been edited it out they've been cut.

Caught -- but they're more -- saying we don't care.

-- they do -- I should say that we don't have a political dog in this fight we do this because that's what's led to do you know -- like to find in eradicate evil computer networks.

But you know that said we would would keep pointing back to the evidence its interest in China says these accusations are baseless -- professional.

We provide amount of evidence that points back to one particular neighborhood in Shanghai.

And it gets really answer the specific.

Allegations they feel that they don't have to that's right -- thank you.

That is tragic stuff you brits -- stuff all right.

Source: http://video.foxbusiness.com/v/2178907397001/what-are-chinese-hackers-looking-for-in-cyber-attacks/

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Oregon lawmakers make Dull and Boring tourism move

SALEM, Ore. (AP) ? Legislative sessions can be dull and boring, but Oregon lawmakers have moved to commemorate the humdrum ? even if no one is quite sure how.

Based on their mundane names, the communities of Dull, Scotland, and Boring, Oregon, formed an international partnership last year to build cultural and commercial connections.

And Oregon House lawmakers took that a step further Wednesday, voting to make Aug. 9 Boring and Dull Day, putting the name of the U.S. town first despite mild objections from their European counterparts.

The plan, which now heads to the state Senate, is intended to boost tourism.

Republican Rep. Bill Kennener, the proposal's sponsor, announced the bill with a 10-minute speech, but never got around to saying what one might do in observance.

A fellow Republican, Rep. Kevin Cameron, later joked that he spotted an intern falling asleep during the address.

___

Follow Lauren Gambino on Twitter at https://twitter.com/LGamGam

Source: http://news.yahoo.com/oregon-lawmakers-dull-boring-tourism-move-211819907.html

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China's Killer Drones Didn't Kill a Drug Lord, but Obama's Drones Could Have

Today's news that Chinese authorities now have advanced navigation and weaponry to kill suspected criminals in a manhunt was as notable for what China can do ? target a Myanmar drug kingpin suspected in the killing of 13 Chinese soldiers, unmanned, and from above ? as for what it didn't: actually assassinate him with a drone. A look inside China's search for the notorious Naw Kham?in today's?Global Times?reveals that a plan "to?use an unmanned aircraft to carry 20 kilograms of TNT to bomb" the hideout of the Golden Triangle's most wanted gang lord "was rejected, because the order was to catch him alive," as Liu?Yuejin,?director of China's Public Security Ministry's anti-drug bureau, told the paper. But those with an eye on President Obama's foreign policy and targeting killing program say that the U.S. Justice Department's recently leaked and much critiqued "white paper" justifying drone targets would have allowed for China, if it used America's new legal boundaries with its own killer technology, to execute Kham from the sky.

RELATED: Women at the Olympics, Syrians in Iraq, and Discarded Pianos

As Foreign Policy's J. Dana Stuster writes, China could argue that going after Kham could is not unlike the way the "United States justified targeting al Qaeda militants tied to the bombing of the USS?Cole?with drone strikes, beginning Abu Ali al-Harithi in 2002 (well before the white paper was authored)." Stuster adds that a strike also could have been justified based on the argument that no one was helping to capture Kham:?

Much like the U.S. official rationale as for strikes in Pakistan, Yemen, and Somalia, China could have either sought Naypyidaw's support [in Myanmar] or credibly claimed that the government was "unwilling or unable to suppress the threat posed by the individual being targeted," in the words of the Obama administration's?white paper?on its own targeted killing program.?

The ultimate decision by Chinese law enforcement ? one of restraint ? gains context when you realize just how wanted Kham had become.?The New York Times's Jane Perlez outlines his notoriety:

China?s law enforcement officials were under pressure from an outraged public to take action after 13 Chinese sailors on two cargo ships laden with narcotics were killed in October 2011 on the Mekong River. Photos of the dead sailors, their bodies gagged and blindfolded and some with head wounds suggesting execution-style killings, circulated on China?s Internet.

It was one of the most brutal assaults on Chinese citizens abroad in recent years. Naw Kham, a member of Myanmar?s ethnic Shan minority and a major drug trafficker, was suspected in the killings.

To be sure, just because China didn't rain fiery death from above?this time doesn't mean that the Kham hunt hasn't proved that China?can. The latest Chinese military technology was on display in November at an air show, with two new models very similar to U.S. Predator and Reaper drones. The?Wing Loon drone, pictured above, comes in at a fraction of the cost of its Reaper cousin, and as Perlez notes, the?CH-4 model can cover the distance over an area in dispute between China and Japan. So it appears that China has finally caught up to U.S. drone technology, if not exactly its ambitious justifications for using it ? not even in one of the greatest manhunts known to the Far East. As the?Times's "kill list" reporter Scott Shane asked?of the drone arms race in the midst of China's catching-up ? and the Kham manhunt ? in 2011,?"If China, for instance, sends killer drones into Kazakhstan to hunt minority Uighur Muslims it accuses of plotting terrorism, what will the United States say?"?Well,?we might have the beginnings of an answer now.?

Source: http://news.yahoo.com/chinas-killer-drones-didnt-kill-drug-lord-obamas-171427047.html

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Ultrahigh-definition TV: New Quad HD TV chip developed

Feb. 20, 2013 ? It took only a few years for high-definition televisions to make the transition from high-priced novelty to ubiquitous commodity -- and they now seem to be heading for obsolescence just as quickly. At the Consumer Electronics Show (CES) in January, several manufacturers debuted new ultrahigh-definition, or UHD, models (also known as 4K or Quad HD) with four times the resolution of today's HD TVs.

In addition to screens with four times the pixels, however, UHD also requires a new video-coding standard, known as high-efficiency video coding, or HEVC. Also at CES, Broadcom announced the first commercial HEVC chip, which it said will go into volume production in mid-2014.

At the International Solid-State Circuits Conference this week, MIT researchers unveiled their own HEVC chip. The researchers' design was executed by the Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company, through its University Shuttle Program, and Texas Instruments (TI) funded the chip's development.

Although the MIT chip isn't intended for commercial release, its developers believe that the challenge of implementing HEVC algorithms in silicon helps illustrate design principles that could be broadly useful. Moreover, "because now we have the chip with us, it is now possible for us to figure out ways in which different types of video data actually interact with hardware," says Mehul Tikekar, an MIT graduate student in electrical engineering and computer science and one of the paper's co-authors. "People don't really know, 'What is the hardware complexity of doing, say, different types of video streams?'"

In the pipeline

Like older coding standards, the HEVC standard exploits the fact that in successive frames of video, most of the pixels stay the same. Rather than transmitting entire frames, it's usually enough for broadcasters to transmit just the moving pixels, saving a great deal of bandwidth. The first step in the encoding process is thus to calculate "motion vectors" -- mathematical descriptions of the motion of objects in the frame.

On the receiving, end, however, that description will not yield a perfectly faithful image, as the orientation of a moving object and the way it's illuminated can change as it moves. So the next step is to add a little extra information to correct motion estimates that are based solely on the vectors. Finally, to save even more bandwidth, the motion vectors and the corrective information are run through a standard data-compression algorithm, and the results are sent to the receiver.

The new chip performs this process in reverse. It was designed by researchers in the lab of Anantha Chandrakasan, the Joseph F. and Nancy P. Keithley Professor of Electrical Engineering and head of the MIT Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science. In addition to Chandrakasan and Tikekar, these include Chiraag Juvekar, another graduate student in Chandrakasan's group; former postdoc Chao-Tsung Huang; and former graduate student Vivienne Sze, now at TI.

The chip's first trick for increasing efficiency is to "pipeline" the decoding process: A chunk of data is decompressed and passed to a motion-compensation circuit, but as soon as the motion compensation begins, the decompression circuit takes in the next chunk of data. After motion compensation is complete, the data passes to a circuit that applies the corrective data and, finally, to a filtering circuit that smooths out whatever rough edges remain.

Fine-tuning

Pipelining is fairly standard in most video chips, but the MIT researchers developed a couple of other tricks to further improve efficiency. The application of the corrective data, for instance, is a single calculation known as matrix multiplication. A matrix is just a big grid of numbers; in matrix multiplication, numbers in the rows of one matrix are multiplied by numbers in the columns of another, and the results are added together to produce entries in a new matrix.

"We observed that the matrix has some patterns in it," Tikekar explains. In the new standard, a 32-by-32 matrix, representing a 32-by-32 block of pixels, is multiplied by another 32-by-32 matrix, containing corrective information. In principle, the corrective matrix could contain 1,024 different values. But the MIT researchers observed that, in practice, "there are only 32 unique numbers," Tikekar says. "So we can efficiently implement one of these [multiplications] and then use the same hardware to do the rest."

Similarly, Juvekar developed a more efficient way to store video data in memory. The "naive way," he explains, would be to store the values of each row of pixels at successive memory addresses. In that scheme, the values of pixels that are next to each other in a row would also be adjacent in memory, but the value of the pixels below them would be far away.

In video decoding, however, "it is highly likely that if you need the pixel on top, you also need the pixel right below it," Juvekar says. "So we optimize the data into small square blocks that are stored together. When you access something from memory, you not only get the pixels on the right and left, but you also get the pixels on the top and bottom in the same request."

Chandrakasan's group specializes in low-power devices, and in ongoing work, the researchers are trying to reduce the power consumption of the chip even further, to prolong the battery life of quad-HD cell phones or tablet computers. One design modification they plan to investigate, Tikekar says, is the use of several smaller decoding pipelines that work in parallel. Reducing the computational demands on each group of circuits would also reduce the chip's operating voltage.

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The above story is reprinted from materials provided by Massachusetts Institute of Technology. The original article was written by Larry Hardesty.

Note: Materials may be edited for content and length. For further information, please contact the source cited above.

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Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead.

Disclaimer: Views expressed in this article do not necessarily reflect those of ScienceDaily or its staff.

Source: http://feeds.sciencedaily.com/~r/sciencedaily/strange_science/~3/DkJQYAuv5Kg/130220123421.htm

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Consume with caution: the hidden dangers of energy drinks

Posted on Feb 20, 2013 by Sara Kozlowski

Jittery and dizzy, Anais Fournier was rushed to the hospital after her pulse failed and her heart began to palpitate erratically. The 14-year-old girl of Hagerstown, Md. passed away on Dec. 23, 2011. Her autopsy revealed she died of a heart arrhythmia, which causes irregular heartbeats, after consuming two 24 oz. cans of Monster Energy within a 24-hour period.

Fournier?s story isn?t an isolated event. In 2011, there were 20,783 reported emergency room visits in which an energy drink was the primary cause or a contributing factor to a health problem, more than double the cases in 2007 according to the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration.

Caffeine poisoning, which caused Fournier?s heart arrhythmia, is defined as a ?caffeine overdose [which] occurs when someone accidentally or intentionally takes more than the normal or recommended amount of this medication? according to the National Institute of Health.

An average cup of joe contains 108 milligrams of caffeine, while other drinks, such as Monster Energy and Rockstar, contain 240 milligrams.

At it?s worst, caffeine poisoning, also known as caffeine toxicity, can result in death.

?You walk into the store and think that it must be safe since you don?t have to be 21,? said Rebecca Purcell, a professor of nutrition. ?Anyone can purchase [energy drinks] and a lot of people get a false impression that they are not dangerous.?

This is not the case, however. In 2010 there were 672 energy drink exposures reported to poison centers, which jumped to 3,147 in 2012 according to the American Association of Poison Control Centers.

?I drank them to give me an extra boost to stay awake to study and be alert later in the day,? said sophomore Tori Eigner, who used to drink Red Bull every other day. ?But then I realized they started to make me feel too jumpy and I realized that it was just dumb to drink [them] since I had always been told they were bad for me.?

The rising caffeine poisoning trend is causing some to question the ingredients within energy drinks, including Monster Energy, Red Bull, Rockstar, Amp and Full Throttle, and to reconsider their consumption.

?I?m not a fan of energy drinks,? sophomore Brendan Latran said. ?They are full of sugar and chemicals that don?t do you any good. They are bound to have weird side effects.?

A major concern with energy drinks is their high levels of caffeine and sugar combined with guanine and taurine in one can, Purcell said.

Taurine is an amino acid found in meat and fish, which helps with concentration, especially when combined with caffeine or guanine. Guanine is extracted from the guarana plant, which is native to South America and considered a stimulant, given its naturally high levels of caffeine. Both are often added to popular energy drinks, including Monster Energy, Rockstar and Amp, to increase levels of total energy, according to the Mayo Clinic.

Because guanine and taurine aren?t listed on the nutrition label on energy drinks, people usually aren?t aware of the amount of caffeine they are drinking, Purcell said.

?There is typically around 6-9 teaspoons of added sugar per energy drink,? Purcell said. ?The caffeine and sugar content in these drinks combined can be dangerous, especially since they are not regulated by the FDA, so nothing advertised on the label is really accurate.?

This can cause problems for people with underlying heart conditions they might not be aware of, Purcell added.

Levels of caffeine in energy drinks often surpass those of a cup of coffee. An average cup of joe contains 108 milligrams of caffeine, while other drinks, such as Monster Energy and Rockstar, contain 240 milligrams. Monster Energy contains seven times the amount of caffeine found in a 12-ounce Coca-Cola.

Dr. Philip Brewer, university medical director for Student Health Services, describes energy drinks as a youth-oriented, fad marketing trend. He suggests a limited consumption of energy drinks, if any at all. According to a report by the Journal of Pediatrics, 30 to 50 percent of people 18 to 25 consume energy drinks. And when they are combined with alcohol, a common trend among college students, their impact on the body can be even worse.

?Alcohol is a depressant, and when you combine that with a stimulant, like energy drinks, it causes problems,? Brewer said. ?Stimulants prompt the secretion of adrenaline, which makes the heart?s rhythm less stable if you?re combining that with alcohol. This can also cause cardiac arrest, particularly after binge consumption.?

Other symptoms of caffeine intoxication include nausea, anxiety, sweating and dizziness. As a general rule, energy drinks should not be taken lightly.

Instead of sipping on that Red Bull to stay awake in that three-hour night class, try something more natural without the extra unaccounted caffeine. Keep it traditional and stick with coffee.

Source: http://www.quchronicle.com/2013/02/consume-with-caution-the-hidden-dangers-of-energy-drinks/

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Body found in rubble of Kansas City blast

KANSAS CITY, Mo. (AP) ? Search crews at the site of a massive explosion that destroyed a popular Kansas City, Mo., restaurant recovered one body Wednesday, and the city's mayor said there was no certainty the rubble wasn't concealing other victims.

Mayor Sly James declined to say whether the body belonged to a man or a woman, though authorities have been looking for a woman who worked at JJ's restaurant and was seen there before the Tuesday evening blast and reported missing afterward. They previously said she was the only person still unaccounted for following the explosion and fire.

But James said at a news conference that authorities can't be "100 percent sure that we can account for every single person that may have been at JJ's when the explosion occurred."

"Since this started without a list of those in the building ... those search and rescue people are out there going through the rubble and will continue to go through the rubble," James said. "They will continue to investigate until weather shuts it down."

Crews using flashlights, cadaver dogs and heavy equipment have been searching the site feverishly ahead of a major winter storm bearing down on the city. James said 15 people were injured in the blast. Six were still hospitalized Wednesday morning.

The blast occurred after a construction crew apparently struck a natural gas line. The explosion was felt for nearly a mile around the restaurant, shattering glass in nearby buildings and sending an ominous smoke plume above the city's prized outdoor shopping district.

One of two people first feared to be missing was later found at a hospital. But the woman who worked at JJ's was still missing, and James had stressed that finding her remained the primary focus of Wednesday's efforts.

"We have a major storm coming in this evening," James said. "We're going to work diligently to get in (to the blast site) to get underneath that weather."

Searchers were continuing their work at midday at JJs, a beloved fixture on the city's culinary scene for more than 27 years. Locals knew it as a prime after-work stop, though the restaurant won a broader reputation after it consistently received high ratings from contributors to Zagat's restaurant guides, both for its food and its list of hundreds of wines.

The blast happened at around 6 p.m. Tuesday, when the dinner crowd would have been filing into JJ's and the many other restaurants in the upscale Country Club Plaza shopping and dining district.

Firefighters had received a call about 5:15 p.m. that a construction worker had hit a gas line near the restaurant, and they conferred with employees for Missouri Gas Energy, which supplies the area, Fire Chief Paul Berardi said. He said the cause of the gas leak has not yet been confirmed and is still under investigation.

It wasn't clear Wednesday how hard firefighters or utility officials worked to evacuate the restaurant after gas was first noticed. Both James and Berardi said the fire department deferred to MGE since the utility would have more expertise in assessing the seriousness of the situation.

"It's not a matter of deferring, it's a matter of knowing a utility is involved. Fire department does not do gas, MGE does gas," James said. "Everybody wants to know what happened, everybody wants to blame someone, everybody wants to know details. That's not going to happen today."

A construction project had been going on across a narrow, one-way street from JJ's for seven years. The work had complicated access to the street-corner restaurant, and a server needed hospital treatment in 2006 after she was struck by a rock sent flying by blasting for excavation of the construction site.

It was not clear Wednesday whether the contractor MGE said had been doing underground work was connected to that construction project. MGE said it would issue a statement later Wednesday.

The Missouri Public Service Commission, which oversees utilities, has launched an investigation into the blast, dispatching five employees to the site. Commission Chairman Kevin Gunn said preliminary information indicates that gas pipelines had been marked ? as required by law ? before a contractor started doing work in the area. He says a gas leak appears to have occurred after a pipeline was hit.

Gunn said MGE followed state rules in promptly reporting the explosion. Investigators will look at whether it followed state rules in responding to the gas line leak reported beforehand. It could take up to six months before state regulators release a final report.

Dr. John Verstraete, who works at Plaza Physicians Group next door to JJ's, told The Kansas City Star that several office employees smelled gas for several hours Tuesday afternoon. The smell grew stronger through the day, and a gas company employee entered the medical office just before 6 p.m. and recommended evacuating, he said.

William Borregard, 20, who lives with his sister and her fianc? in the apartment building nearest to JJ's, said he had noticed a strange smell for weeks that had worsened in recent days. On Tuesday, they called the apartment manager.

"We said it's very pungent, and you should come out here and check it out," he said. "He came over and rapped on the door and said there's nothing to worry about. Stay in your apartment. That was five minutes prior to the explosion. And as soon as he left the explosion happened."

___

Associated Press reporters Heather Hollingsworth in Kansas City, David Lieb in Jefferson City and Jeff McMurray in Chicago contributed to this report.

Source: http://news.yahoo.com/body-found-rubble-exploded-kc-restaurant-164346928.html

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